Valores de referência de parâmetros ecocardiográficos estruturais e funcionais para a população brasileira: avaliação de câmaras direitas - estudo de normais - DIC / Reference values ​​of structural and functional echocardiographic parameters for the Brazilian population: evaluation of right chambers - study of normals - DIC

INTRODUÇÃO: A avaliação e quantificação das dimensões e função das câmaras cardíacas direitas pelo ecocardiograma auxilia no diagnóstico e prognóstico de várias situações clinicas; seus valores de referência, no entanto, refletem as características antropométricas da população estudada. OBJETIVO: analisar prospectivamente exames ecocardiográficos bidimensionais de indivíduos normais das diversas regiões brasileiras para a determinação de valores de referência de câmaras direitas. MÉTODO: Ecocardiogramas de indivíduos de ambos sexos, > 18 anos, sem doença cardíaca, sistêmica ou fatores de risco cardiovascular foram obtidos em centros das 5 regiões do Brasil e analisados offline (Ultrasound Workspace- Tomtec- Phillips) para avaliação de medidas das câmaras cardíacas direitas e função ventricular direita (VD): variação fracional da área (FAC) do VD, TAPSE, s­ do VD e strain longitudinal (SL) do VD (global e parede livre) por speckle tracking. Foram analisadas as diferenças entre os sexos pelo teste t não pareado de Student. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 445 indivíduos, com idade de 42+ 15 anos, 56% do sexo feminino, sendo excluídos 40 por imagem/dados inadequados; As medidas ecocardiográficas foram realizadas em 147 indivíduos e mostraram maiores dimensões de câmaras direitas para o sexo masculino (p<0.001); para parâmetros funcionais, apenas o FAC mostrou diferença significativa entre os grupos, sendo maior para o sexo feminino (p = 0.04); os demais parâmetros funcionais ( TAPSE, S­ VD, e SGL e de parede livre do VD) foram similares para ambos os sexos . CONCLUSÃO: Resultados preliminares da população brasileira sugerem parâmetros estruturais com maiores dimensões de câmaras direitas para o sexo masculino, o que infere que esses dados devam ser indexados para a superfície corpórea. Parâmetros funcionais, por outro lado, parecem sofrer pouca influência do sexo.

Evaluation of the myocardial deformation in the diagnosis of rejection after heart transplantation.

Introduction: Heart transplantation represents main therapy for end-stage heart failure. However, survival after transplantation is limited by development of graft rejection. Endomyocardial biopsy, an invasive and expensive procedure, is gold standard technique for diagnosis of rejection. Most of biopsy complications are observed using echocardiography. Novel echocardiographic techniques, such as myocardial strain and three-dimensional reconstruction, can be useful in heart transplant patients. Purpose: To evaluate ventricular strain in heart transplant patients and association with rejection, cellular or humoral, as well as two- and three-dimensional echocardiographic parameters. Methods: Cohort of patients from heart transplant program taken to echocardiography after endomyocardial biopsy, from December 2017 to January 2020. Ventricular strain and three-dimensional left ventricle parameters were studied. Rejection results were retrieved from medical record. Qualitative variables were expressed by absolute frequency and percentages, while continuous variables by means and standard deviations. Association between rejection and variables of interest was measured by odds ratio and confidence interval of 95%, with p-value < 0.05. Results: 123 post-endomyocardial biopsy echocardiographic exams were performed in 54 patients. Eighteen exams were excluded, lasting 105 exams to be evaluated for conventional and advanced echocardiographic parameters. Male patients were 60.4%. Prevalence of cellular rejection was 8.6%, humoral rejection 12.4%, and rejection of any type 20%. There was no association between right ventricular strain and rejection, whether cellular (p = 0.118 and p = 0.227 for septum and free wall, respectively), humoral (p = 0.845 and p = 0.283, respectively), or of any type (0.504 and 0.446). There was no correlation between rejection and left ventricle global longitudinal strain, three-dimensional ejection fraction or desynchrony index. Conventional parameters associated to rejection were left ventricle posterior wall thickness [OR 1.660 (1.163; 2.370), p = 0.005] and left ventricle mass index [OR 1.027 (1.011; 1.139), p = 0.001]. Left ventricle posterior wall thickness remained significant after analysis of cellular and humoral rejection separately [OR 1.825 (1.097; 3.036), p = 0.021 and OR 1.650 (1.028; 2.648), p = 0.038, respectively]. Conclusions: There was no association between ventricular strain, three-dimensional left ventricular ejection fraction and the desynchrony index and rejection, cellular or humoral. Evidence of association of graft rejection with left ventricle posterior wall thickness and left ventricle mass index was observed.

Análise Crítica e Limitações do Diagnóstico de Insuficiência Cardíaca com Fração de Ejeção Preservada (ICFEp) / Critical Analysis and Limitations of the Diagnosis of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF)

Resumo Com o aumento da expectativa de vida da população e a maior frequência de fatores de risco como obesidade, hipertensão arterial e diabetes, espera-se um aumento na prevalência de insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada (ICFEp). Entretanto, no momento, o diagnóstico e o tratamento de pacientes com ICFEp permanecem desafiadores. O diagnóstico sindrômico de ICFEp inclui diversas etiologias e doenças com tratamentos específicos, mas que apresentam pontos em comum em relação à apresentação clínica e à avaliação laboratorial no que diz respeito aos biomarcadores como BNP e NT-ProBNP, à avaliação ecocardiográfica do remodelamento cardíaco e às pressões de enchimento diastólico ventricular esquerdo. Extensos ensaios clínicos randomizados envolvendo a terapia nesta síndrome falharam na demonstração de benefícios para o paciente, fazendo-se necessária uma reflexão acerca do diagnóstico, dos mecanismos de morbidade, da taxa de mortalidade e da reversibilidade. Na revisão, serão abordados os conceitos atuais, as controvérsias e, especialmente, os desafios no diagnóstico da ICFEp através de uma análise crítica do escore da European Heart Failure Association.

Abstract With the increase in the population's life expectancy and the higher frequency of risk factors such as obesity, hypertension and diabetes, an increase in the prevalence of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is expected. However, to date, the diagnosis and treatment of patients with HFpEF remain challenging. The syndromic diagnosis of HFpEF includes several etiologies and diseases with specific treatments but has points in common regarding the clinical presentation, laboratory evaluation related to biomarkers, such as BNP and NT-ProBNP, and echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac remodeling and left ventricular diastolic filling pressures. Extensive randomized clinical trials involving the treatment of this condition have failed to demonstrate benefits to the patient, making it necessary to reflect on the diagnosis, mechanisms of morbidity, mortality and reversibility in this syndrome. In this review, the current concepts, controversies and challenges, especially regarding diagnosis, will be addressed, critically analyzing the European Heart Failure Association score for the diagnosis of HFpEF.

Critical Analysis and Limitations of the Diagnosis of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF). / Análise Crítica e Limitações do Diagnóstico de Insuficiência Cardíaca com Fração de Ejeção Preservada (ICFEp).

With the increase in the population's life expectancy and the higher frequency of risk factors such as obesity, hypertension and diabetes, an increase in the prevalence of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is expected. However, to date, the diagnosis and treatment of patients with HFpEF remain challenging. The syndromic diagnosis of HFpEF includes several etiologies and diseases with specific treatments but has points in common regarding the clinical presentation, laboratory evaluation related to biomarkers, such as BNP and NT-ProBNP, and echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac remodeling and left ventricular diastolic filling pressures. Extensive randomized clinical trials involving the treatment of this condition have failed to demonstrate benefits to the patient, making it necessary to reflect on the diagnosis, mechanisms of morbidity, mortality and reversibility in this syndrome. In this review, the current concepts, controversies and challenges, especially regarding diagnosis, will be addressed, critically analyzing the European Heart Failure Association score for the diagnosis of HFpEF.

Com o aumento da expectativa de vida da população e a maior frequência de fatores de risco como obesidade, hipertensão arterial e diabetes, espera-se um aumento na prevalência de insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada (ICFEp). Entretanto, no momento, o diagnóstico e o tratamento de pacientes com ICFEp permanecem desafiadores. O diagnóstico sindrômico de ICFEp inclui diversas etiologias e doenças com tratamentos específicos, mas que apresentam pontos em comum em relação à apresentação clínica e à avaliação laboratorial no que diz respeito aos biomarcadores como BNP e NT-ProBNP, à avaliação ecocardiográfica do remodelamento cardíaco e às pressões de enchimento diastólico ventricular esquerdo. Extensos ensaios clínicos randomizados envolvendo a terapia nesta síndrome falharam na demonstração de benefícios para o paciente, fazendo-se necessária uma reflexão acerca do diagnóstico, dos mecanismos de morbidade, da taxa de mortalidade e da reversibilidade. Na revisão, serão abordados os conceitos atuais, as controvérsias e, especialmente, os desafios no diagnóstico da ICFEp através de uma análise crítica do escore da European Heart Failure Association.

Lobar pulmonary perfusion quantification with dual-energy CT angiography: Interlobar variability and relationship with regional clot burden in pulmonary embolism.

Purpose: Semi-automated lobar segmentation tools enable an anatomical assessment of regional pulmonary perfusion with Dual-Energy CTA (DE-CTA). We aimed to quantify lobar pulmonary perfusion with DE-CTA, analyze the perfusion distribution among the pulmonary lobes in subjects without cardiopulmonary diseases and assess the correlation between lobar perfusion and regional endoluminal clots in patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE). Methods: We evaluated 151 consecutive subjects with suspected PE and without cardiopulmonary comorbidities. DE-CTA derived perfused blood volume (PBV) of each pulmonary lobe was measured applying a semi-automated lobar segmentation technique. In patients with PE, blood clot location was assessed, and CT-based vascular obstruction index of each lobe (CTOIlobe) was calculated and classified into three groups: CTOIlobe= 0, low CTOIlobe (1-50%) and high CTOIlobe (>50%). Results: Among patients without PE (103/151, 68.2%), median lobar PBV was 13.7% (IQR 10.2-18.0%); the right middle lobe presented lower PBV when compared to all the other lobes (p < .001). In patients with PE (48/151, 31.8%), lobar PBV was 12.6% (IQR 9.6-15.7%), 13.7% (IQR 10.1-16.7%) and 6.5% (IQR 5.1-10.2%) in the lobes with CTOIlobe= 0, low CTOIlobe and high CTOIlobe scores, respectively, with a significantly decreased PBV in the lobes with high CTOIlobe score (p < .001). ROC analysis of lobar PBV for prediction of high CTOIlobe score revealed AUC of 0.847 (95%CI 0.785-0.908). Conclusion: Pulmonary perfusion was heterogeneously distributed along the pulmonary lobes in patients without cardiopulmonary diseases. In patients with PE, the lobes with high vascular obstruction score (CTOIlobe> 50%) presented a decreased lobar perfusion.

A risk score for predicting death in COVID-19 in-hospital infection: A Brazilian single-center study.

BACKGROUND: There is a paucity of information about Brazilian COVID-19 in-hospital mortality probability of death combining risk factors. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to correlate COVID-19 Brazilian in-hospital patients' mortality to demographic aspects, biomarkers, tomographic, echocardiographic findings, and clinical events. METHODS: A prospective study, single tertiary center in Brazil, consecutive patients hospitalized with COVID-19. We analyzed the data from 111 patients from March to August 2020, performed a complete transthoracic echocardiogram, chest thoracic tomographic (CT) studies, collected biomarkers and correlated to in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: Mean age of the patients: 67 ± 17 years old, 65 (58.5%) men, 29 (26%) presented with systemic arterial hypertension, 18 (16%) with diabetes, 11 (9.9%) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. There was need for intubation and mechanical ventilation of 48 (43%) patients, death occurred in 21/111 (18.9%) patients. Multiple logistic regression models correlated variables with mortality: age (OR: 1.07; 95% CI 1.02-1.12; p: 0.012; age >74 YO AUC ROC curve: 0.725), intubation need (OR: 23.35; 95% CI 4.39-124.36; p < 0.001), D dimer (OR: 1.39; 95% CI 1.02-1.89; p: 0.036; value >1928.5 ug/L AUC ROC curve: 0.731), C-reactive protein (OR: 1.18; 95% CI 1.05-1.32; p < 0.005; value >29.35 mg/dl AUC ROC curve: 0.836). A risk score was created to predict intrahospital probability of death, by the equation: 3.6 (age >75 YO) + 66 (intubation need) + 28 (C-reactive protein >29) + 2.2 (D dimer >1900). CONCLUSIONS: A novel and original risk score were developed to predict the probability of death in Covid 19 in-hospital patients concerning combined risk factors.

Acometimento da função ventricular direita em pacientes com esclerose sistêmica e doença pulmonar intersticial: avaliação pelo doppler tecidual / Impairment of right ventricular function in patients with systemic sclerosis and interstitial lung disease: tissue doppler evaluation

Introdução: A esclerose sistêmica (ES) é uma doença autoimune do tecido conjuntivo que cursa com fibrose e disfunção microvascular. O envolvimento dos órgãos viscerais, incluindo os pulmões e o coração, é a principal causa de óbito na ES. Nesse contexto, analisamos a relação entre os parâmetros ventriculares direitos (VD) pela ecocardiografia com Doppler tecidual e o acometimento pulmonar em pacientes com ES. Métodos: Os pacientes que preencheram os Critérios de Classificação da ES de 2013 foram submetidos à ecocardiografia com Doppler tecidual para avaliação da função sistólica (fração de ejeção) ventricular esquerda (VE), enquanto a função sistólica do VD foi avaliada por meio da fração de variação de área do VD (fractional area change ­ FAC), velocidade (sistólica) do Doppler tecidual, índice de desempenho miocárdico (IDM) e excursão sistólica do plano anular tricúspide (TAPSE). A pressão sistólica pulmonar foi estimada por insuficiência tricúspide. A tomografia computadorizada de alta resolução (TCAR) de tórax avaliou a presença de fibrose pulmonar. De acordo com os resultados da TCAR, os pacientes foram divididos em 2 subgrupos: Grupo I, incluindo pacientes com fibrose pulmonar (n=26), e Grupo II sem fibrose (n=17). Resultados: Entre os 43 pacientes com ES, a maioria era do sexo feminino (86%) com idade de 51±12 anos. Todos os pacientes apresentavam função ventricular sistólica normal, avaliada pela FEVE>55% e FAC VD>35%. Não houve diferença significativa em termos de idade ou duração da doença para os grupos. Exceto pela diminuição das velocidades do Doppler tecidual em pacientes com fibrose pulmonar, todos os índices de desempenho do VD foram semelhantes. Conclusão: Em pacientes com ES e fibrose pulmonar, o Doppler tecidual identifica acometimento miocárdico longitudinal precoce do VD, apesar do desempenho sistólico radial preservado do VD.(AU)

Introduction: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune tissue connective disease that courses with fibrosis and microvascular dysfunction. Involvement of the visceral organs, including the lungs and heart, is the main cause of death among patients with SSc. In this context, here we analyzed the relationship between right ventricle (RV) parameters assessed by tissue Doppler echocardiography and lung involvement in patients with SSc. Methods: Patients fulfilling the 2013 SSc Classification Criteria underwent tissue Doppler echocardiography for the assessment of left ventricular (LV) systolic function (ejection fraction) and RV fractional area change (FAC), tissue Doppler s' (systolic) velocity, myocardial performance index, and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion for the assessment of RV systolic function. Pulmonary systolic pressure was estimated using tricuspid regurgitation. Chest high-resolution computed tomography was used to evaluate the presence of pulmonary fibrosis. The patients were divided into two subgroups accordingly: Group I, patients with pulmonary fibrosis (n=26); and Group II, those without fibrosis (n=17). Results: Among the 43 patients with SSc, most were female (86%), and the mean age was 51 ± 12 years. All patients had normal systolic ventricular function as evidenced by an LV ejection fraction > 55% and an RV FAC > 35%. No significant intergroup difference was noted in age or disease duration. Except for a decreased tissue Doppler s' velocity in patients with lung fibrosis, all indexes of RV performance were similar. Conclusion: In patients with SSc and pulmonary fibrosis, tissue Doppler identified early RV longitudinal myocardial involvement despite preserved RV radial systolic performance.(AU)

Position statement on indications of echocardiography in adults ­ 2019

In accordance with the "Standards for the Elaboration of Guidelines, Positions and Normations" sanctioned by the Brazilian Society of Cardiology, this document was written to update the "Echocardiography Indication Guidelines" of 2009. The new document is not intended to be a comprehensive review of echocardiography, but rather an indispensable basic guide to support the rational clinical decision-making of the physician requesting the exam for adult patients. Although it considers the recent technological advances of echocardiography, its purpose is not to describe in detail echocardiography methods, but to summarize in a clear and concise way the main situations in which echocardiography brings benefit to the diagnosis and/or therapeutic orientation of the individual. This manuscript chose to highlight the class of recommendation, as described below: Class I: conditions for which there is conclusive evidence or, in the absence thereof, general agreement that the examination procedure is useful and safe. Class II: conditions for which there is conflicting evidence and/or divergence of opinion on the utility and/or safety of the examination. Class-IIa: evidence or opinions favorable to the examination. Most experts approve. Class IIb: utility and/or safety less well established, with divergent opinions. Class III: conditions for which there is evidence or consensus that the examination is not useful and, in some cases, may even be harmful. In addition, the level of evidence was also described, as follows: A: several concordant randomized clinical trials or robust meta-analyses; B: less robust meta-analysis data or single randomized clinical study or observational studies; C: expert opinion.(AU)

Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function by Echocardiography with Tissue Doppler in Systemic Sclerosis / Avaliação da Função Diastólica do Ventrículo Esquerdo com Ecocardiografia Associada a Doppler Tecidual na Esclerose Sistêmica

Abstract Background: Systemic sclerosis (SS) is a connective tissue abnormality characterized by fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. Cardiac involvement with consequent myocardial dysfunction in SS is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Objective: To investigate the left ventricular (LV) diastolic function in patients with SS and preserved systolic function. Methods: Patients with SS were evaluated with two-dimensional echocardiography with tissue Doppler for analysis of chamber diameters, LV mass index (LVMI), indexed left atrial volume (iLAV), systolic function of both ventricles, and presence and degree of diastolic dysfunction (DD). Results: We evaluated 50 patients, divided according to the presence of DD into Group 1 (n = 25; normal diastolic function, E/A ratio ≥ 0.8, deceleration time [DT] > 150 ms and < 200 ms, and septal e' > 8 cm/s) and Group 2 (n = 25; with DD, subdivided into type I DD [E/A < 0.8, DT > 200 ms], type II [E/A ≥ 0.8, septal e' < 8 cm/s, iLAV > 34 mL/m2], and type III [E/A > 2, DT < 150 ms, septal e' < 8 cm/s]). Type I DD was the most frequent (34%), followed by type II DD (16%). LVMI and iLAV were similar in both groups, but septal and lateral e' were reduced only in Group 2. In Group 2, we observed that patients with moderate DD had longer disease duration (p = 0.02). Conclusion: The prevalence of type I DD was elevated in SS and associated with aging. Disease duration emerged as an important factor in moderate DD.

Resumo Fundamento: A esclerose sistêmica (ES) é uma anomalia do tecido conjuntivo caracterizada por fibrose da pele e dos órgãos internos. O envolvimento cardíaco com consequente disfunção miocárdica na ES está associado a uma maior morbimortalidade. Objetivo: Investigar a função diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) em pacientes com ES e função sistólica preservada. Método: Pacientes com ES foram estudados com ecocardiografia bidimensional com Doppler tecidual para análise dos diâmetros cavitários, índice de massa do VE (IMVE), volume indexado do átrio esquerdo (VAEi), função sistólica biventricular e presença, além de grau de disfunção diastólica (DD) pelo Doppler convencional e tecidual. Resultados: Estudamos 50 pacientes, divididos conforme presença de DD em Grupo 1 (n = 25; função diastólica normal, razão E/A ≥ 0,8, tempo de desaceleração [TD] > 150 ms e < 200 ms e e' septal > 8 cm/s) e Grupo 2 (n = 25; com presença de DD, subdividido em DD tipo I [E/A < 0,8, TD > 200 ms], tipo II [E/A ≥ 0,8, e' septal < 8 cm/s, VAEi > 34 mL/m2] e tipo III [E/A > 2, TD < 150 ms, e' septal < 8 cm/s]. A DD tipo I foi a mais frequente (34%), seguida de DD tipo II (16%). O IMVE e o VAEi foram similares entre os grupos, porém a e' septal e lateral estiveram reduzidas apenas no Grupo 2. No Grupo 2, observamos que os pacientes com DD moderada apresentavam maior duração da doença (p = 0,02). Conclusão: A prevalência de DD tipo I foi elevada na ES e esteve associada ao envelhecimento. No caso da DD moderada, a duração da doença despontou como um fator importante.

Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function by Echocardiography with Tissue Doppler in Systemic Sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Systemic sclerosis (SS) is a connective tissue abnormality characterized by fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. Cardiac involvement with consequent myocardial dysfunction in SS is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the left ventricular (LV) diastolic function in patients with SS and preserved systolic function. METHODS: Patients with SS were evaluated with two-dimensional echocardiography with tissue Doppler for analysis of chamber diameters, LV mass index (LVMI), indexed left atrial volume (iLAV), systolic function of both ventricles, and presence and degree of diastolic dysfunction (DD). RESULTS: We evaluated 50 patients, divided according to the presence of DD into Group 1 (n = 25; normal diastolic function, E/A ratio ≥ 0.8, deceleration time [DT] > 150 ms and < 200 ms, and septal e' > 8 cm/s) and Group 2 (n = 25; with DD, subdivided into type I DD [E/A < 0.8, DT > 200 ms], type II [E/A ≥ 0.8, septal e' < 8 cm/s, iLAV > 34 mL/m2], and type III [E/A > 2, DT < 150 ms, septal e' < 8 cm/s]). Type I DD was the most frequent (34%), followed by type II DD (16%). LVMI and iLAV were similar in both groups, but septal and lateral e' were reduced only in Group 2. In Group 2, we observed that patients with moderate DD had longer disease duration (p = 0.02). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of type I DD was elevated in SS and associated with aging. Disease duration emerged as an important factor in moderate DD.

Avaliação dos Parâmetros de Deformação Miocárdica pelo Ecocardiograma Tridimensional e Speckle Tracking em Atletas Competitivos / Evaluation of Strain Parameters by Three Dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography in Competitive Athletes

Introdução: A ecocardiografia é fundamental na distinção entre adaptações fisiológicas promovidas pela atividade física e alterações patológicas. O ecocardiograma tridimensional com speckle tracking (3DSTeco) poderia mostrar-se acurado para a detecção de alterações subclínicas da função cardíaca. Objetivos: Determinar o efeito do exercício nos parâmetros da deformação miocárdica em atletas, por meio do 3DSTeco. Método: Realizado ecocardiograma convencional, ecocardiograma tridimensional (3Deco) e 3DSTeco em boxeadores de elite, para análise dos volumes do ventrículo esquerdo (VE), índice de massa indexada à superfície corpórea (IMISC), fração de ejeção (FE), strain global longitudinal (GLS), strain global circunferencial (GCS), strain global radial (GRS), twist, torção e área tracking. Estes dados foram comparados com medidas efetuadas em indivíduos controle não treinados. Resultados: Analisados 16 atletas e 14 controles, com idade (23 ± 4 vs 21 ± 4 anos; p = NS) e sexo (14 vs 12 homens) similares. A FE do VE foi normal e semelhante nos 2 grupos. O IMISC foi maior nos atletas (83 ± 21 vs 65 ± 15 g/m²; p < 0,05), assim como o GRS (24,7 ± 5.2 vs 16.3 ± 7.2; p = 0.007). Não houve diferença significativa para os demais parâmetros como GCS (-26 ± 2 vs -28 ± 6), GLS (-16 ± 2 vs -17 ± 3), twist (3.1 ± 1.3 vs 3.7 ± 1.9), torção (2.0 ± 0.8 vs 1.4 ± 0.4) e área tracking (37 ± 4 vs 41 ± 6). Conclusão: Atletas e indivíduos não treinados apresentam parâmetros de deformação miocárdica comparáveis pelo 3DSTeco, contudo, um incremento do GRS foi observado apenas nos atletas. O 3DSTeco poderia auxiliar na detecção precoce de alterações cardíacas subclínicas em atletas

Introduction: Echocardiography is fundamental in the distinction between physiological adaptations promoted by physical activity and pathological abnormalities. Three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (3D-STE) could prove accurate in detecting subclinical abnormalities in cardiac function. Objectives: To determine the effect of exercise on the parameters of myocardial strain in athletes through 3D STE. Method: Elite boxers underwent conventional three-dimensional echocardiography (3D-echo) and 3D-STE to analyze left ventricular (LV) volumes, left ventricular mass indexed to body surface area (LVMIBSA), ejection fraction (EF), longitudinal global strain (LGS), circumferential global strain (CGS), radial global strain (RGS), twist, torsion and tracking area. These data were compared with measurements performed on untrained control individuals. Results: The analyses included 16 athletes and 14 controls with similar age (23 ± 4 vs. 21 ± 4 years; p = NS) and gender (14 vs. 12 males). LVEF was normal and similar in the 2 groups. LVMIBSA was higher in the athletes (83 ± 21 vs. 65 ± 15 g/m², p < 0.05), as well as RGS (24.7 ± 5.2 vs. 16.3 ± 7.2; p = 0.007). There was no significant difference for the other parameters, such as CGS (-26 ± 2 vs. -28 ± 6), LGS (-16 ± 2 vs. -17 ± 3), twist (3.1 ± 1.3 vs. 3.7 ± 1.9), torsion (2.0 ± 0.8 vs. 1.4 ± 0.4) and tracking area (37 ± 4 vs. 41 ± 6). Conclusion: Athletes and untrained individuals have comparable myocardial strain parameters on 3D-STE. However, an increase in RGS was observed only in the athletes. 3D-STE could help in the early detection of subclinical cardiac issues in athletes

Progressão de Valvopatia Esquerda durante o Uso de Dopaminérgicos / Progression of Left Valve Disease during Use of Dopaminergic Drugs

A cabergolina e a bromocriptina são drogas dopaminérgicas derivadas do ergot e utilizadas para tratamento de distúrbios hiperprolactinêmicos idiopáticos ou adenomas hipofisários, cujo mecanismo de ação é decorrente da redução da secreção de prolactina. Alguns relatos na literatura demonstram que a cabergolina pode causar valvopatia após sua administração a longo prazo. Relatamos o caso de um paciente com diagnóstico de macroprolactinoma que fez uso intercalado de cabergolina e bromocriptina e desenvolveu alterações valvares antes inexistentes